chapter 19, section 1

Chapter 19, section 1 East Africa

1. A cultural crossroads
a. A trading coast
i. Askum: an early civilization in 100 ad
ii. Its location was on the red sea and Indian Ocean made it a good trading power in the area
iii. In the 500s, its trading partners left and the empire weakened
iv. By 1300, many cities were on the coast of Eastern Africa
2. Colonization disrupts Africa
a. Scramble for Africa
i. Berlin conference: 1884-1885, when 14 nations divided Africa among themselves without African representation
ii. By 1914, only Liberia and Ethiopia weren’t under European rule
iii. The divisions led to many ethnic conflicts and violence in the area
b. Ethiopia avoids colonization
i. Ethiopia’s emperor, Menelik II, protected the country from the Italian invasion with aid from Russia and France
ii. They defeated Italy in 1896
c. Conflict in East Africa
i. By the 1970s, East Africa regained its independence from Europe
ii. Tensions led to the Rwandan Genocide in 1994
iii. The previously made borders combined many different ethnic groups
3. Farming and Tourism Economies
a. Farming in East Africa
i. Cash Crops: coffee, tea, sugar, tobacco that are grown for direct resale
ii. They bring in revenue, but reduce the land able to be used for food crops
b. Tourism creates wealth and problems
i. Tourism is one of the main economies  of east Africa
ii. The wildlife parks of Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania are world famous
iii. As the population increases, the need for farmland  increases
iv. Many people want to decrease the size of the parks to make room for more crops
4. Maintaining Traditional Cultures
a. Cultures of East Africa
i. Masai: A group of people who live in the rift valleys of Kenya and Tanzania
ii. The Kikuyu are the largest ethnic group in Kenya, numbering about 9 million
iii. During British Rule, the Kikuyu formed a rebel militia called the Mau Mau, fighting the British
5. Healthcare in Modern Africa
a. Healthcare in Africa
i. AIDS became a pandemic, causing a devastating effect on the continent
ii. Pandemic: an uncontrollable outbreak of disease affecting a large population
iii. AIDS is an STD, caused by HIV
iv. People with HIV don’t technically have AIDS, and can carry it for years without knowing it
6. Summary
a. This section went over the geography and history of eastern Africa. It talked about the effects of colonization and recent ethnic conflicts of the area. It also taught about how tourism has helped the economy and how healthcare is helping prevent AIDS.

review ?s

1) What were some early civilizations in East Africa?  Why were these civilizations important?
The Askum , and they established a big trading empire in Eastern Africa

2) What happened at the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885?
14 European nations that divided Africa into colnies

3) What African countries managed to remain free of European control?
Liberia and Ethipoia

4) How did colonialism cause conflicts in East Africa after independence?
the borders made by Europeans combined ethnic groups that don't like each other

5) How did Ethiopia manage to defeat Italy in 1896?
With weapons supplied by France and Russia

6) What are some cash crops of East Africa?
Coffee, Tea, Tobacco, sugar

7) What is East Africa's most critical health-care problem.
AIDS and HIV

8) Research the Rwanda massacre (genocide?) and briefly discuss what happened and why.
A slaughter of Tutsi and Hutu peoples because of economic problems, as Tutsi were livestockers and Hutu were farmers

Parallelism

the best music is loud, fun, and  danceable

Tomorrow afternoon I will shop for groceries, eat lunch with my brother, and run errands

That book we read for class was really long , was suer wordy, and didn't make any sense

1st draft

The first major conflict of the 1900s featured 37 million deaths, the first Aerial craft and tanks used in battle, and the first chemical warfare. The Great War was one of the most destructive wars of the 20th century, and it is one that still affects us today. This period from 1914 to 1918 caused the fall of the Ottoman Empire, led to the rise of Hitler and the Nazis, and sparked the United States into being a world power.

The initial cause of WWI was the assassination of Archduke to the Austria-Hungarian Empire, Franz Ferdinand by Serbian radical Gavrilo Princip. After his death, Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia, and Russia (having a treaty with Serbia) went into a ‘Period preparatory of war’. Austria-Hungary received assurance from Germany that they would help if Russia mobilized in the form of the ‘blank check’. France then supported Russia after they declared war and Germany declared war on France. Britain supported France when Germany tried to invade via Belgium, and all the major powers of Europe became interlocked in war.

Powered aircraft were first used for combat in 1911, but it was not until the Great War that they became widely used. At the beginning of the war, tethered balloons were used to survey areas and spotting place to fire artillery. In an effort to stop these, they equipped small arms with their pilots to shoot the balloons down. The United States air force was restarted at this time under the Division of Military Aeronautics. Tanks also made their introduction at this time, but weren’t used in mass until WWII. The first battle tank used was a British Mark I male in 1916.

One of the most powerful new tactics used in WWI was shelling the enemy with chemical gas. Over 124,000 tons of gases were made. The most well known and lethal of the gases made was mustard gas, or sulfur mustard. Even today, unexploded shells lay covered and pose a threat to those living in Belgium and France. Roughly 1.3 million casualties were caused by shelling.

At the end of the war all of the blame fell to Germany, because the other war starter (Austria-Hungarian Empire) didn’t exist anymore. As a result of losing, Germany owed massive debts to the Allies (£6,600,000,000), and lost much of its claimed territory (25,000 square miles). Germany could also not hold a Navy or air force, and its standing army was severely cut.

The financial meltdown brought about by the treaty led to a massive depression in Germany. People went to the Communist and Nationalist parties, including a middle-aged Adolf Hitler. He quickly rose through the ranks of the National socialists, and was elected Chancellor of Germany. He sought to bring the fatherland it its former glory, and reignited the development of Germany’s military. In his territorial desire, he sparked WWII.

Another effect of WWI was the fall of the Ottoman Empire, which had stood since 1300. The war weakened the empire, with many people rebelling. The fall of the Ottoman Empire happened in 1922, when the Turkish National movement won the war for independence. After this, the Sultanate was abolished and in 1923, the republic of turkey was declared a nation.

WWI was a massively destructive war that many people saw as pointless. But the things that came from the war, and after it, changed the word in a staggering way. It’s likely that if the war hadn’t happened, or if the conflict was kept between the initial starters, so much would be different. WWII may not of happened, and the Ottoman Empire may still be around. America may not have become the world power it is today, staying crippled by the depression. Whether we like it or not, the world has been changed by it, and we can’t forget that.

Opening Paragraph

The first major conflict of the 1900s featured 37 million deaths, the first planes and tanks used in battle, and the first chemical warfare. The Great War was one of the most destructive wars of the 20th century, and it is one that still affects us today. This period from 1914 to 1918 caused the fall of the Ottoman Empire, led to the rise of Hitler and the Nazis, and sparked the United States into being a world power.

WWI

Today, I will tell you about how one of the most destructive wars happened, and how the great war still affects us today.

Chapter 18, section 3

Human environment interaction

1. Desertification of the Sahel
i. Sahel: shore of the desert
ii. Desertification: an expansion of dry conditions
b. Human causes of desertification
i. Overgrazing of cattle exposes the soil, they can also trample the ground
ii. Farming also increases desertification, when they expose the soil, the wind can cause erosion
iii. As more farmland is needed, desertification increases
c. Results of desertification
i. Large forests have been destroyed by desertification
2. Harming the environment in Nigeria
a. A major Oil producer
i. Nigeria is the eighth leading oil exporter in the world
ii. Oil accounts of 85% of Nigeria income
iii. In the 70s, an oil boom made Nigeria one of the wealthiest countries in Africa
iv. Oil prices fell, and Nigeria became poorer than before the oil boom
b. Destroying the land and people
i. More than 4,000 oil spills have occurred in the Niger delta over the past four decades
ii. Between 1998 and 2000, oil pipeline explosions killed 2,000+ people
3. Controlling the Nile
a. Problems with the dam
i. During the Aswan High Dam’s construction, thousands of Nubians had to be relocated
ii. One of Egypt’s treasures, the temples at Abu Simbel, had to be moved
iii. The dam decreased the fertility of the soil surrounding it.
iv. Silt: sediment that is rich with nutrients for the soil.
v. Farmers now need to rely on expensive artificial fertilizers that can damage the environment
vi. Salts from deep in the river are decreasing the fertility of the soil
vii. Malaria and other diseases have increased due to the still lakes of Nasser and its irrigation canals
viii. Because the Nasser holds the water, water is lost to evaporation
4. Summary:
a. This section talked about how humans have impacted themselves and the area around them. How Nigeria had an oil boom (literally), and ended up poorer than before. And how the Aswan High dam is ruining farming in Egypt. Or how farmers are causing desertification.