chapter 19, section 1

Chapter 19, section 1 East Africa

1. A cultural crossroads
a. A trading coast
i. Askum: an early civilization in 100 ad
ii. Its location was on the red sea and Indian Ocean made it a good trading power in the area
iii. In the 500s, its trading partners left and the empire weakened
iv. By 1300, many cities were on the coast of Eastern Africa
2. Colonization disrupts Africa
a. Scramble for Africa
i. Berlin conference: 1884-1885, when 14 nations divided Africa among themselves without African representation
ii. By 1914, only Liberia and Ethiopia weren’t under European rule
iii. The divisions led to many ethnic conflicts and violence in the area
b. Ethiopia avoids colonization
i. Ethiopia’s emperor, Menelik II, protected the country from the Italian invasion with aid from Russia and France
ii. They defeated Italy in 1896
c. Conflict in East Africa
i. By the 1970s, East Africa regained its independence from Europe
ii. Tensions led to the Rwandan Genocide in 1994
iii. The previously made borders combined many different ethnic groups
3. Farming and Tourism Economies
a. Farming in East Africa
i. Cash Crops: coffee, tea, sugar, tobacco that are grown for direct resale
ii. They bring in revenue, but reduce the land able to be used for food crops
b. Tourism creates wealth and problems
i. Tourism is one of the main economies  of east Africa
ii. The wildlife parks of Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania are world famous
iii. As the population increases, the need for farmland  increases
iv. Many people want to decrease the size of the parks to make room for more crops
4. Maintaining Traditional Cultures
a. Cultures of East Africa
i. Masai: A group of people who live in the rift valleys of Kenya and Tanzania
ii. The Kikuyu are the largest ethnic group in Kenya, numbering about 9 million
iii. During British Rule, the Kikuyu formed a rebel militia called the Mau Mau, fighting the British
5. Healthcare in Modern Africa
a. Healthcare in Africa
i. AIDS became a pandemic, causing a devastating effect on the continent
ii. Pandemic: an uncontrollable outbreak of disease affecting a large population
iii. AIDS is an STD, caused by HIV
iv. People with HIV don’t technically have AIDS, and can carry it for years without knowing it
6. Summary
a. This section went over the geography and history of eastern Africa. It talked about the effects of colonization and recent ethnic conflicts of the area. It also taught about how tourism has helped the economy and how healthcare is helping prevent AIDS.

review ?s

1) What were some early civilizations in East Africa?  Why were these civilizations important?
The Askum , and they established a big trading empire in Eastern Africa

2) What happened at the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885?
14 European nations that divided Africa into colnies

3) What African countries managed to remain free of European control?
Liberia and Ethipoia

4) How did colonialism cause conflicts in East Africa after independence?
the borders made by Europeans combined ethnic groups that don't like each other

5) How did Ethiopia manage to defeat Italy in 1896?
With weapons supplied by France and Russia

6) What are some cash crops of East Africa?
Coffee, Tea, Tobacco, sugar

7) What is East Africa's most critical health-care problem.
AIDS and HIV

8) Research the Rwanda massacre (genocide?) and briefly discuss what happened and why.
A slaughter of Tutsi and Hutu peoples because of economic problems, as Tutsi were livestockers and Hutu were farmers

Parallelism

the best music is loud, fun, and  danceable

Tomorrow afternoon I will shop for groceries, eat lunch with my brother, and run errands

That book we read for class was really long , was suer wordy, and didn't make any sense

1st draft

The first major conflict of the 1900s featured 37 million deaths, the first Aerial craft and tanks used in battle, and the first chemical warfare. The Great War was one of the most destructive wars of the 20th century, and it is one that still affects us today. This period from 1914 to 1918 caused the fall of the Ottoman Empire, led to the rise of Hitler and the Nazis, and sparked the United States into being a world power.

The initial cause of WWI was the assassination of Archduke to the Austria-Hungarian Empire, Franz Ferdinand by Serbian radical Gavrilo Princip. After his death, Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia, and Russia (having a treaty with Serbia) went into a ‘Period preparatory of war’. Austria-Hungary received assurance from Germany that they would help if Russia mobilized in the form of the ‘blank check’. France then supported Russia after they declared war and Germany declared war on France. Britain supported France when Germany tried to invade via Belgium, and all the major powers of Europe became interlocked in war.

Powered aircraft were first used for combat in 1911, but it was not until the Great War that they became widely used. At the beginning of the war, tethered balloons were used to survey areas and spotting place to fire artillery. In an effort to stop these, they equipped small arms with their pilots to shoot the balloons down. The United States air force was restarted at this time under the Division of Military Aeronautics. Tanks also made their introduction at this time, but weren’t used in mass until WWII. The first battle tank used was a British Mark I male in 1916.

One of the most powerful new tactics used in WWI was shelling the enemy with chemical gas. Over 124,000 tons of gases were made. The most well known and lethal of the gases made was mustard gas, or sulfur mustard. Even today, unexploded shells lay covered and pose a threat to those living in Belgium and France. Roughly 1.3 million casualties were caused by shelling.

At the end of the war all of the blame fell to Germany, because the other war starter (Austria-Hungarian Empire) didn’t exist anymore. As a result of losing, Germany owed massive debts to the Allies (£6,600,000,000), and lost much of its claimed territory (25,000 square miles). Germany could also not hold a Navy or air force, and its standing army was severely cut.

The financial meltdown brought about by the treaty led to a massive depression in Germany. People went to the Communist and Nationalist parties, including a middle-aged Adolf Hitler. He quickly rose through the ranks of the National socialists, and was elected Chancellor of Germany. He sought to bring the fatherland it its former glory, and reignited the development of Germany’s military. In his territorial desire, he sparked WWII.

Another effect of WWI was the fall of the Ottoman Empire, which had stood since 1300. The war weakened the empire, with many people rebelling. The fall of the Ottoman Empire happened in 1922, when the Turkish National movement won the war for independence. After this, the Sultanate was abolished and in 1923, the republic of turkey was declared a nation.

WWI was a massively destructive war that many people saw as pointless. But the things that came from the war, and after it, changed the word in a staggering way. It’s likely that if the war hadn’t happened, or if the conflict was kept between the initial starters, so much would be different. WWII may not of happened, and the Ottoman Empire may still be around. America may not have become the world power it is today, staying crippled by the depression. Whether we like it or not, the world has been changed by it, and we can’t forget that.

Opening Paragraph

The first major conflict of the 1900s featured 37 million deaths, the first planes and tanks used in battle, and the first chemical warfare. The Great War was one of the most destructive wars of the 20th century, and it is one that still affects us today. This period from 1914 to 1918 caused the fall of the Ottoman Empire, led to the rise of Hitler and the Nazis, and sparked the United States into being a world power.

WWI

Today, I will tell you about how one of the most destructive wars happened, and how the great war still affects us today.

Chapter 18, section 3

Human environment interaction

1. Desertification of the Sahel
i. Sahel: shore of the desert
ii. Desertification: an expansion of dry conditions
b. Human causes of desertification
i. Overgrazing of cattle exposes the soil, they can also trample the ground
ii. Farming also increases desertification, when they expose the soil, the wind can cause erosion
iii. As more farmland is needed, desertification increases
c. Results of desertification
i. Large forests have been destroyed by desertification
2. Harming the environment in Nigeria
a. A major Oil producer
i. Nigeria is the eighth leading oil exporter in the world
ii. Oil accounts of 85% of Nigeria income
iii. In the 70s, an oil boom made Nigeria one of the wealthiest countries in Africa
iv. Oil prices fell, and Nigeria became poorer than before the oil boom
b. Destroying the land and people
i. More than 4,000 oil spills have occurred in the Niger delta over the past four decades
ii. Between 1998 and 2000, oil pipeline explosions killed 2,000+ people
3. Controlling the Nile
a. Problems with the dam
i. During the Aswan High Dam’s construction, thousands of Nubians had to be relocated
ii. One of Egypt’s treasures, the temples at Abu Simbel, had to be moved
iii. The dam decreased the fertility of the soil surrounding it.
iv. Silt: sediment that is rich with nutrients for the soil.
v. Farmers now need to rely on expensive artificial fertilizers that can damage the environment
vi. Salts from deep in the river are decreasing the fertility of the soil
vii. Malaria and other diseases have increased due to the still lakes of Nasser and its irrigation canals
viii. Because the Nasser holds the water, water is lost to evaporation
4. Summary:
a. This section talked about how humans have impacted themselves and the area around them. How Nigeria had an oil boom (literally), and ended up poorer than before. And how the Aswan High dam is ruining farming in Egypt. Or how farmers are causing desertification.

section 2 chapter 18

Climate and vegetation

1. A warm continent
a. The deserts
i. The Sahara: the largest desert in the world, located in northern Africa
ii. Two deserts, the Kalahari and Namib, are in southern Africa
iii. Sahara means ‘desert’ in Arabic
iv. The sahara stretches out 3,000 miles, from the Atlantic ocean to the Red Sea
v. Only 20% of the sahara consists of sand
vi. Camels can go up to 17 days without water
vii. Aquifers: huge stores of water underground
viii. Oasis: where aquifers come to the surface
b. The tropics
i. 90% of the country lies between the tropics of cancer and Capricorn
ii. Temperatures run high for most of the year
2. A grassy continent
a. Tropical grassland
i. Serengeti Plain: A grassland in northern Tanzania.
ii. Its dry climate and hard soil prevent the growth of trees and many crops
iii. Huge herds of wildebeests, gazelles, and zebras roam here
3. Africa’s Extremes
a. Rain Forest
i. The main rain forest of Africa sits on the equator in the Congo Basin
ii. It is home to hundreds species of birds
iii. Plants and vegetation decompose quickly
iv. Most animals live in the canopy of the rain forest
v. Canopy: the uppermost layer of branches, about 150 feet above the ground
vi. Farmers are using the slash and burn technique to get rid of some of the forests are endangering it
vii. After they exhausted the soil, they burn another patch of forest to use
b. Varieties of plantlife
i. North Africa contains sizable oak and pine forests
ii. Mangrove trees grow in west Africa
4. Summary:
a. This section went over the climate and plantlife of Africa. It talked about the deserts and rain forests of the area. It also taught about the endangerment of the rain forests.

Main ideas things

1. Provides water to a lot of the area, and fertilized the ground around by flooding periodically.
2. Timber, Coffee, platinum, gold, oil
3. Because it is exported to other countries and the fields are owned by companies that are not based in Angola
4. Sandy, rocky, mountainous, humid, hot
5. One or two rainy seasons, that can last up to six months, with about 120 inches of rainfall per year
6. The hard dry soil prevents trees and crops from growing and grass can grow in abundance, which is the main food for most animals in the area.
7. They support a large amount of life, oxygenate the atmosphere, and can be a source of lumber

the plateau continent

The Plateau Continent

1. A vast Plateau
a. Africa’s Plateau
i. A huge plateau cover the most of Africa
ii. Except for Mozambique and Somalia, most of the continent is at about 1,000 feet above sea-level
iii. Most geographers call Africa, the plateau continent
b. Basins and rivers
i. Basins: Depressions in the earth
ii. Each basin spreads about 625 miles across and more than 5,000 feet deep.
iii. Water collects in the Chad basin, and rivers flow through the Congo, Sudan, and Djouf basins
iv. The Nile River: the world’s longest river at 4,000+ miles
v. It flows through Uganda and Sudan  and into Egypt.
vi. More than 95% of Egyptian s relied on the Nile to survive
vii. Today, more than 3,320 people per square mile live on the Nile
viii. Afric contains many waterfalls, rapids, and gorges
ix. These make boat travel very dangerous, and nearly impossible
2. Distintive African Landforms
a. Rift Valley and lakes
i. Rift valleys: Land sank down to form long thin valleys
ii. These valleys stretch 4,000 miles from Southwest asia to Mozambique
iii. The lakes at the ends of these are long and deep
iv. Lake victoria is the world’s 2nd largest lake, but it is only 270 feet deep
b. Mountains
i. Mount Kilimanjaro: Africa’s highest mountain and also a volcano
ii. Esccarpment: a steep slope with a near flat plateau on top
Summary
1. This section went over the geography of the continent of Africa. It talked about the various mountains, gorges, and waterfalls of the plateau continent. It also taught about the rift valleys and basins

1.
a.Basin: in the Sudan, Congo, and South Africa

b. In Egypt, Sudan, and Uganda

c. Tanzania

d. From central Asia to Mozambique

e.  Southern Africa

2.

a. Plateau, Buttes, Mesas, Basins, waterfalls, rivers, Rapids

b.  coffee, lumber, sugar, palm oil, cocoa beans,

3.

A.  most of the continent is topped by a plateau

B. The nile river, the rift valleys, and the basins

C. This is likely due to colonization, with the colonizers making very hard for the native population to gain power

what I want to learn about Africa

What are some of the results of Decolonization?

How has education bettered since decolonization?

Why is Africa so poor, despite immense resources?

What is up with water?

What happened to Kony?

Act Five Headlines

Scene 1: Servants sees something out of context, Banished man purchases poison, leaves town

Scene 2: Man stuck in Plague house, unable to deliver mail

Scene 3: Man Killed outside of tomb, Double Suicide inside tomb, families grieve over their dead children